A hierarchical Bayesian perspective on majorization-minimization for non-convex sparse regression: application to M/EEG source imaging

Majorization-minimization (MM) is a standard iterative optimization technique which consists in minimizing a sequence of convex surrogate functionals. MM approaches have been particularly successful to tackle inverse problems and statistical machine learning problems where the regularization term is a sparsitypromoting concave function. However, due to non-convexity, the solution found by MM depends on its initialization. Uniform initialization is the most natural and often employed strategy as it boils down to penalizing all coefficients equally in the first MM iteration. Yet, this arbitrary choice can lead to unsatisfactory results in severely under-determined inverse problems such as source imaging with magnetoand electro-encephalography (M/EEG). The framework of hierarchical Bayesian modeling (HBM) is a seemingly unrelated approach to encode sparsity. This work shows that for certain hierarchical models, a simple alternating scheme to compute fully Bayesian maximum a posteriori (MAP) estimates leads to the exact same sequence of updates as a standard MM strategy (cf. the Adaptive Lasso). With this parallel outlined, we show how to improve upon these MM techniques by probing the multimodal posterior density using Markov Chain Monte-Carlo (MCMC) techniques. Firstly, we show that these samples can provide well-informed initializations that help MM schemes to reach better local minima. Secondly, we demontrate how it can reveal the different modes of the posterior distribution in order to explore and quantify the inherent uncertainty and ambiguity of such ill-posed inference procedure. In the context of M/EEG, each mode corresponds to a plausible configuration of neural sources, which is crucial for data interpretation, especially in clinical contexts. Results on both simulation and real dataset show how the approach allows to assess the impact on uncertainties of the number or the type of sensors. ar X iv :1 71 0. 08 74 7v 2 [ st at .A P] 2 N ov 2 01 7 Majorization-minimization and hierarchical Bayesian modeling for M/EEG 2